Four Muslim characteristics of Ignorance

One of the consequences a person becomes a Muslim is abandoning any form of values ​​that are not Islamic or jahili. Therefore, every believer is required to enter into Islam kaffah or thorough. Allah says which means: "O you who believe, you go into Islam as a whole, and do you share the steps of Satan. Verily Satan is an outright enemy to you" (Sura 2: 208).
The verse down to the cause; there is a group of Jewish friends who originally requested the Prophet in order to be allowed to celebrate or glorify Saturday and run the Torah. Then came down this verse that does not allow a person who has been admitted to the faithful but still behave as his behavior at the time of ignorance.
Nevertheless, there are still plenty of people who claim to have faith but do not abandon old habits of ignorance so that her personality is still mixed with ignorance personality, so people like that deserve what we call the Muslim jahili. Of the many sign, the Prophet said in a hadith: "Four cases in case of ignorance of my people that they do not leave, namely: boast degrees descent, denounced descent, rainmaking with animals and maratapi corpse" (HR. Muslim).
From the above hadith, we can conclude that of the many signs, there are four Muslim sign of ignorance mentioned by the Prophet. This indeed should we understand well that it is not a model of ignorance of life we ​​live. Companion Umar once said: 'If you want to avoid ignorance, ignorance recognize it'.
1. Boasts descendants.
Glory and devotion a person is not measured by descent within the meaning automatically. Therefore, if we want to boast or to glorify a person, not because of heredity, but by faith and charity shalehnya achievement. But what we are witnessing is precisely the opposite. Not a few people were chosen to be the leader automatically because the offspring. If the father of the king, then the child will automatically become king even though the child may not be able to become king, in fact there are others more worthy to be king. That in countries that use the royal system.
In addition, the proud descendants are also in the form of not punishing people gentility or the "blue blood" if they make mistakes, even mistakes that tend to be covered up, as if ordinary people make a mistake, the penalty against him much heavier than wrong he had done. When friends asked about this, the Prophet affirmed: If my daughter, Fatimah steals, will I cut off his hand.
2. Denouncing descendants.
Because the glory someone should we measure the ketaqwaannya to Allah, then a Muslim is not justified in criticizing others with cause descent, for example, if the father or mother is not good, then we assume children are also not good, then we are reproached, and so it went on. Indeed, sometimes when the parents are not good, his son also becomes not good, but we can not assume everything like that.
At the time of ignorance, denounced the descent was common, and often hostility person with another person would be hereditary to their grandchildren. Islam really does not justify the treatment criticizing others, especially just because of heredity, because it could be the condemned is actually better than that denounced. Allah says which means: O ye who believe, do not be a people mocked the others (because) maybe they (the mock-mock) was better than them (who derided) and do not also women (mocked) other women it may be that women (who mock-mock) better than the women (who derided) and do not reproach yourselves and do not call the call with titles that bad , The worst of the call is (call) that bad after faith, and whoever does not repent, then they are the wrong-doers (Sura 49:11).
3. Requests the rain with the Beast.
Sufficient rain is the desire of human life in this world, because then, in addition to the fulfillment of the needs of the water that is very important for humans, can also be the fulfillment of water for agriculture and livestock and the environment will feel more comfortable.
When there kemara long, it will result in more warming of the air temperature and the depletion of water supplies for humans, animals and plants. Therefore, Islam teaches us to ask for rain to Allah by praying istisqa.
But in our society, there is a culture that is precisely contrary to the teachings of Islam itself in terms of asking for rain, which is asking for rain through animals, for example by watering the cat with water and so on. Such actions not only interfere with the animals, but can also undermine the confidence that is clean, something that must always be maintained by every Muslim that belief incompatible with polytheism. Therefore, there is a Muslim apalabila rainmaking through animals, then the conviction and temperament that means there is ignorance.
 4. Lamenting corpse.
Die is a matter of course. Every one of us will reach death, sooner or later. When there are members of our families, the people we love or public figure who became penutan us in goodness dies, grief over the death of them is something that might happen. Even Umar bin Khattab when rumored that the Prophet died, he was not believed, therefore with a sword in hand, he stated that if anyone declares that the Prophet had died would I slash neck. Facing it, then sabahat Abu Bakr, Umar bin Khattab Shidik calming and asserts that the prophet was dead.
Saddened by the death of a person was okay, but sadness excessive to wail with banging body, head, face, hair pulling and say the words that describe the absence of a sense of confidence or trust in Allah is something that can not be justified , therefore, dala, books of hadith Riyadush Shalihin, Prophet regard such people as those who are not his people, he said, which means: "Not from golonganku people banging cheek, tearing pocket and screaming with the voice of ignorance" (HR . Bukhari and Muslim).
Lamenting the bodies occurred because someone does not accept the death of a diratapinya that, consequently because his death could not be rejected again, then he too is treated like a living person, for example by building a tomb although it should be at great cost, to pray to ask for help to those who are already dead, suppose that he is still alive until dared not leave a will-the will is not right though, even there are graves that were given mosquito nets and provided drinking water on it. This all is something that can not be justified in Islam. Therefore, when there are the Muslims doing that, he means still practice-paktek ignorance which is not justified.
Thus, we must realize that, as Muslims, we should stay away and leave all life practices that are not in line with Islamic values. If that still we do, it could be our Islamic faith and only limited recognition is not necessarily recognized by Allah and His Messenger

lying

Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta'ala lie has made Muslims net in trust, all the words and deeds and words. Honesty is the barometer of a nation's happiness. Nothing his key to happiness and peace haqiqi but being honest either vertically or horizontally.
"And do not follow what you do not have knowledge of it." (Qur'an, Al-Isra: 36).
"Truly honest it shows goodness, while goodness leads to Paradise. It was undoubtedly an honest person who familiarize note on the side of God as an honest man. And indeed lie was pointed out to misguidance, while evils that plunged into hell. Indeed those who lie will always be recorded as a liar "(Bukhari Muslim). Lying is forbidden act, as a danger to others, but in certain circumstances be permissible even changed the law required. The scholars define the legal division lies in accordance with the five categories of law syar'i, although basically lied law is unlawful. The division is as follows:
1. Haram, which lie useless according syar'i glasses.
2. Makruh, which lies used to repair domestic brawl, and the like.
3. Sunnah, which is like a lie in which to frighten the enemies of Islam in a war, such as excessive reporting tntang number of troops and equipment in order kuslimin the enemy tremble.
4. Mandatory, that such lies are being made to save the life of a Muslim or property from the death or destruction.
5. permissible for example that is used to reconcile the disputes in the community.
But some scholars argue that all forms of lying is bad and should be shunned, because not a few verses of the Qur'an that reproach. The factors driving the lie is:
1. Slight fear of God.
2. The business distort the facts with various motifs.
3. looking for attention.
4. The absence of a sense of responsibility and trying to run away from the reality of life.
5. habit of lying since childhood.
6. proud with his lies.

SINS OF

"If you avoid major sins among the sins forbidden you do, We will Delete your mistakes (sins are small) and We Enter thou into glorious place (Paradise)." (Qur'an, An-Nisa ' 4:31)
"And only Allah belongs what is in the heavens and whatsoever is in the earth so that He rewards those who do evil for what they have done, and reward those who do good to reward better (Heaven). (Namely) those who avoid major sins and indecency that apart from small errors. Her verily thy Lord Maha Area of ​​His Forgiveness. And He is Knowing (about the state) to you when He Makes you from the earth and when you were a fetus in your mother's nakedness; so do not say you are holy. He is most Knowing of the righteous. "(Qur'an, An-Najm 53: 31-32)
1.a. BEWARE OF SINS
"And they said," We're never going to be touched by the fire of hell except for a few days, "words a sense," Have you received a promise from God so that God will not deny His appointment or did you just say to God what you do not know? "(Not so), which is true, whoever sinned and he has been overwhelmed by sin, they are the dwellers of the Fire, to dwell therein." (Qur'an, Al-Baqarah 2: 80-81)
"And leave the sin-looking and are tersembu-nyi. Indeed, those who do sin, later will be recompensed (on the day), because of what they have done. "(Qur'an, Al-An'am 6: 120)



1.b. CAUSE mired INTO MAN OF SIN
According to Imam Al-Ghazali, there are four basic causes of human terperosoknya into sin:
1. The torment threatened for the sinner is considered an occult deemed never going to happen
2. Lust that evokes the sin, pleasure now
3. Usually actors seek to repent of sin and always tried to cover it with good deeds without seeking to stop sin.
4. Humans generally believes bahwasannya sin is not something impossible forgiven God.
1.c. SINS OF
Prophet. when the companions asked: "Sin is what, O Messenger of Allah?" He replied, "Sin is something terbentik in your heart and you do not like people to know."
1. Shirk (associating partners with Allah)
"Verily Allah will not forgive the sin of shirk, and He forgives all sins apart from (shirk), for whom He wills. Whoever memperseku-Tukan Allah, then indeed he has a great sin. "(Qur'an, An-Nisa '4:48)
2. ungodly in both parents
Said the Prophet .: sins big it: Memperse-curse God, and insubordinate to both the mother and the father to kill the soul (person) with no rights and perjury (HR. Bukhari)
3. Decide friendship
"No one will enter heaven who decide family relationship." (HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
"Do not hate-hate and do not hasud (envy) mengha-sud and do not rear-backs and do not give-off. Be ye servants of God brothers, not allowed a Muslim boycott of fellow Muslims for more than three days. "(HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
"The doors of heaven open on Monday and Thursday, then forgiven everyone who do not associate God with anything whatsoever, except those which are still in dispute with his brother, then say: Look forward to the one of two guys that make peace." (HR. Muslim )
4. Deceptive
"Who took up arms at us, instead of my ummah, and who cheats us is not from our group." (HR. Muslim)

5. Hurting people
Said the Prophet .: Who was ever do injustice to his brother, either an entity or property or honor others, should immediately ask for lawful (ma'af) it now also comes a day before the incomparable treasure dinar or dirham, if he has a pious charity, it will be taken under persecution, and if it does not have hasanat (goodness), then taken from those who are persecuted for the crime were passed to him. (HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
6. Looking around disgrace people or tell
"O ye who believe, avoid most of suspicion, actually some prejudice is a sin and do not find fault with others and do not some of you backbiting others. Sukakah one among you eat the flesh of his brother dead? Then you feel disgusted him. And fear Allah. Verily Allah oft-Returning, Most Merciful. "(Qur'an, Al Hujurat 49:12)
7. Denying promise / lie
"Woe to every person that many more lie many a sinner." (Qur'an, Al-Jatsiyah 45: 7)
8. Leaving the obligatory prayer
"They came after them, substitute (ugly) who squandered prayer and indulge his lust; then they will probably have error. "(Qur'an, Maryam 19:59)
So woe to those who pray, (that) those who are neglectful of their prayers, those who do riya, and reluctant (help with) useful stuff. "(Al Maa'uun 107: 4-7)
9. Boros or stingy
"And give to families who close their rights, to the poor and are on the way; and do not squander (your wealth) in wantonness. Indeed it is a spendthrift-spendthrift brothers Satan and Satan is very dissenter to his Lord. "(Qur'an, Al-Isra '17: 26-27)
"And let not those hunks of the treasures that God Give them of His gift of thought, that it was good for their stinginess. Sebe-narnya stinginess that is bad for them. Bakhilkan treasure they would be worn around the neck later on the Day of Resurrection. And Allah belong all legacy (existing) in the heavens and on earth. And Allah is Aware of what you do. "(Qur'an, Al 'Imran 3: 180)
10. Betraying trust
"And you janganlag pounding (to defend) those who betrayed him. Indeed, Allah does Liking people who always betrayed again wallowing in sin. "(Qur'an, An-Nisa '4: 107)
11. Riya
Prophet. said: Allah has said: I am the richest of all the allies, for was united, then who do good an act that was united to the other, then I leave it to the allies. (HR. Muslim)
12. Drinking wine and Gambling
"They ask thee concerning wine and gambling. Say: "In them is great sin, and some profit, for men, but the sin is greater than the benefit." And they ask thee what they shall spend. Say, "The more of these purposes." Thus Allah Explains His verses to you lest you think about the world and the Hereafter. "(QS. Al-Baqarah 2: 219-220)
13. Eating / drinking is forbidden
"It has been forbidden to you dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, slaughtered animals were not for God, the (dead) due to strangulation, the (dead) because of being hit, the (dead) due to a fall from the top, the (dead) for headlong, which (die) because eaten by wild animals but can you slaughter and are slaughtered for idols. "(al-Maidah: 3)
14. Do not fast during Ramadan, though without a hitch
15. Male resemble female or vice versa
Prophet. mela'nat men who imitate women and women who imitate men. (HR. Bukhari)
16. Believe in magic, sorcery and the like
"Leave the seven sins are destroyed. Companions asked: What is the Messenger of Allah? The Prophet said: Shirk (associating) of God. And witchcraft (sorcery). And kill the human spirit that is forbidden by Allah except by right. And usury. And eat the orphan's property. And fled in time of war jihad fisabilillah. And accused mu'minat polite woman with adultery. "(HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
"Who came to the fortune-teller and ask for something and then believed, then the prayer is not accepted for forty days." (HR. Muslim)


17. Persecution in animals
Prophet. said: A woman was tortured for a cat that has been dikurungnya to death, then he goes into Hell, because when he does not confine it feeds and is not released to feed themselves from the beasts of the earth which becomes food. (HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
18. Steal
"O Prophet, when women come to the faithful to hold allegiance, that they will not associate anything with Allah, not to steal, not commit adultery, do not kill their children, will not be lied that they ada- forged between their hands and feet and will not disobey thee in the affairs of the good, then accept their allegiance to God and beseech forgiveness for them. Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. "(Qur'an, Al-Mumtahanah 60:12)
19. Envy and resentment
"And among them (those who envy it), there are those who believe in him, and among them there are those who mengalangi (humans) believe in him. And enough (for them) Hell flaming apinnya. "(Qur'an, An-Nisa '4:55)
20. Mocks
"O people who believe! Let not a people mocked the others (because) maybe they (the mock-mock) better than them (who derided) and do not also women (mocked) woman- Another woman (because) may be women (who mocked) better than women (who derided) and do not reproach yourself, and do not call-calling with bad titles. The worst of the call is (call) after bad faith, and whoever does not repent, then they are the wrong-doers. "(QS. Al Hujurat 49:11)
21. Insulting
"Woe to every slanderer more detractors, who collect treasures and counting, and thinks that his wealth may mengekalkannya, never! Indeed he really would be thrown into which breaks to pieces. And do you know what that which breaks to pieces? (It is) the fire (supplied) Allah kindled, which is (up) to the liver. It shall be sealed upon them, (that they are) tied to long poles (al-Humazah 104: 1- 9)
22. coarse-mouthed
"God does not Liking bad speech, (spoken) frankly except by those who are persecuted. Allah is All-Hearing, All-Knowing. "(Qur'an, An-Nisa '4: 148)
Speech bad as denouncing people, cursing, explain trigger-kan-vices of others, offend someone, please.
"And do not follow everyone who many swear again abject, which many denounced, the fro burst slander, which is very reluctant to do good, who transgresses many sins, rigid rough, aside from that, famous crimes." ( QS. Al Qalam 68: 10-13)
23. Throw away the water the small / big in places impassable
Prophet. said: Watch out you from two places curse people. Asked: What are the two places that condemned it? Replied the Prophet .: People defecate in the street or shelter (shelter) them. "(HR. Muslim)
24. Sitting on top of the grave
"If a sitting on hot coals to burn clothing and penetrate into the body, then that is better for him than sitting on the grave." (HR. Muslim)
25. Walking in front of people praying
"If people walking in front of the praying people know how big his sin, surely if he stood forty better than to walk in front of people praying." (HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
Who narrated this hadith says: I do not know whether the forty days or months or years.
26. Eat / drink of equipment made of gold / silver
"Do you wear silk subtle or bold, and do not drink in the container gold and silver, and do not eat at the pitcher." (HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
Hudzaifah r.a. said: The Prophet. has forbidden us to wear thin and thick silk, and drink in the container gold and silver, saying: That's all for them infidels in the world and for you in the hereafter. (HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
27. Persecuting orphans or poor
"Do you (people) who deny religion? That person who rebuked the orphan, and not the feeding of the poor. (Al Maa'uun 107: 1-3)
"Indeed, those who ate the orphan's property with their cruel only takes fire in the belly, and they will go to hell sya'ir." (Qur'an, An-Nisa '4:10)
Said the Prophet .: Leave the seven sins which would destroy. Companions asked: Is that a yes Rasulul-lah? The Prophet replied: Shirk. And magic. And the killing of innocent lives, but with the right. And usury. And eat the orphan's property. And fled in time of war jihad. And accused mu'minat polite woman on charges of adultery. (HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
1.d. ERASERS-SIN
1. God forgives sin by repentance
"Whoever is doing evil and persecuting him, then he ask forgiveness of Allah, surely he finds Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." (Qur'an, An-Nisa '4: 110)
Taubat accompanied by efforts to improve yourself:
"Then, indeed your Lord (Forgiving) for people who do mistakes because kebo-dohannya, then they repent thereafter and mem-fix (himself), verily your Lord after that really is Forgiving, Merciful. "(QS. An-Nahl 16: 119)
Repentance acceptable to God:
"Surely repentance in God's side merely repentance for those who do evil because of ignorance, then they repented immediately, then they are the God who accepted his repentance; and Allah is Knower, Wise "(Qur'an, An-Nisa '4:17)
Do not despair of the mercy of God:
"Say," O My servants who have transgressed against themselves, do not despair of the mercy of God. Verily Allah forgive all sins. Verily He is the All-Observers also Merciful. "(Qur'an, Az Zumar 39:53)
2. Good deeds can take away sins
"... Indeed, good deeds wipe it clicking (sin) bad deeds. That is a warning for people who remember. "(QS. Hud 11: 114)
Susullah an act maksiyat with obedient deeds that can keep up that sin maksiyat was covered by the reward obedient.

3. Faith in Allah and His Messenger and strive in the Way of Allah with their wealth and soul
O ye who believe, sukakah I show you a commerce that can save you from a painful punishment? (that) you believe in Allah and His Messenger and strive in the way of Allah with their wealth and soul. That is better for you if you know. He will forgive you your sins and admit you into heaven that flowed beneath rivers, and (insert your) place to stay either in heaven 'And. That's great luck. (Ash Shaff 61: 10-12)
4. Prayer five times a day is kiffarah
Prophet. said, "If there is a river in front of the house of one of you and he bathed in it five times a day, do you think there will still be dirt left in his body?" They said, "There will be no trace of dirt left in his body." Prophet Muhammad SAW. adding, "This is like (underst-jakan) the five daily prayers deeds remove the evil (sin)." (HR. Bukhari)
5. Jihad fi sabilillah and martyrdom
When the Prophet. stand berkhutbah said: fisabilillah jihad is really about faith and trust in God, seutama prime deeds. Then one asks: What if I killed fisabilillah, would be redeemed my sins? The Prophet replied: Yes. If you are killed fisabilillah are you looking forward sincerely forward not backward. Then the Prophet asked: How keteranganmu that? Said the man: What if I killed fisabilillah, can the redeemed of all my sins? The Prophet replied: Yes. If you wait sincere forward and not backward, except debt. Because Gabriel said so to me. (HR. Muslim)
Maraji '
Al-Quran Al-Karim
Imam Nawawy, Tarjamah Riyadhus Shalihin

Dutiful To Parents

1.a. ATTENTION PARENTS RIGHTS OF GOD
Worship Allah and do not associate him with anything. And do good to both the mother's father, a close relatives, orphans, the poor, neighbors close and far neighbors, peers, ibnus sabil, and a slave sahayamu. Surely Allah loves not the arrogant and boast themselves. (an Nisaa 4:36)
And your Lord has Ordered that you will not worship except Him, and let the mother do well with the best father. If one of the two or both until the age further in pemeliharaanmu, then occasionally do you say to both the word "ah" and do not yell at them and say to them a noble word. (Al Israa 17:23)
1.b. FADHAIL devote to MOTHER FATHER:
 Dedicated to the mother-father, including the preferred action
Abdullah bin Mas'ud ra. said: I asked the Messenger of Allah .: Is the ultimate act of charity? Prophet: Devoted to both the mother's father. I ask, then much less? He replied: Jihad (fighting in the way of Allah) (HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
 Dedicated to the mother-father, a great sin
Ibn Umar said: There was a man came to the Prophet Muhammad and said: "I have committed a great sin, is it possible that sin be forgiven?" The Messenger asked: "Are the two mother-father still alive?" The man with the sad answer "The two had died". He asked again: "Do you have your mother?" "Yes, it has," replied the man. Then returned the Prophet said: "Baktikanlah yourself to him". (HR. At Turmudzi, Ibn Hibbaan and Al-Hakim)
 Extendable age and bestowed sustenance
"Who wants to lengthen his age and fortune bestowed, he should devote to the mother-father and nurture the relationship". (HR. Ahmad)
 the pleasure of Allah in the pleasure of the mother-father
"Who made the mother-father fun and pleasure, then he has to make God happy and a pleasure to him. And whoever angered his parents, then it means he has made the wrath of God. "(HR. Ibn Najjar)
 efficacious prayer servant because of his devotion to the mother-father
1.c. THINGS TO RAISE CHILDREN BAKTI
Contemplate how great the sacrifice of a mother to her child.
"And we wasiatkan to humans in order to do good to both the mother-father. His mother had mengan-dungnya in difficult circumstances which increase steadily and give birth with difficulty, too. "(Qur'an, Al-Ahqaf 46:15)
"And we wasiatkan to humans in order to do good to the mother-father. His mother conceived him in a weakened state that increase steadily ". (QS. Luqman 31:14)
1.d. FORMS BIRRUL WALIDAIN
• Looking at parents with a view of love, loving and happy
"A child who looked to her parents with a view of love, will be recorded deeds of God as one who Hajj Mabrur" (HR Ar-Rafi'i and Al-Bayhaqi)
• Be gentle
"And recite the words of the noble father mother and humble yourselves against them with compassion and pray:" O my Robb, have mercy on both of them as both of them have educated me in little time. "(Qur'an, Al-Isra, 17: 23- 24)
Imam Al-Bukhari describes the word of God above. He said: "Be subject to the mother-father as a servant to his master hard and vicious."
"Do not you walk in front of him, do not sit before he sat down, do not you call by name, and do not you provoke anger." (HR. At-Thabarni)
• Ask permission before entering his room
"And if your children have reached the age of puberty, they must ask permission to you (to enter), as did those before them." (QS. An Nur 24:59)
• Standing greet the mother-father
"Siti Fatimah bint Apostle when he comes to visit the Prophet he rose to meet him, kiss and let the princess sat in his seat. Likewise, if the Prophet came to visit her baby, Fatimah woke up to meet him, kiss and let sit in her seat. "(HR. Abu Dawud and At-Turmudhi)
It is a form of adoration, humility and obedience to both or appearance of affection to both.
• Praying for mother-father (17: 23-24)
How good that you pray for the parents of each finished reading the shahada in prayer.
"Be grateful to Me and to your parents, only to receive from me everything will be back." (QS. Luqman 31:14)
"It's a slave abandoned by one or by both the mother-father, while he was in a state of lawlessness. But the children always pray and scrap-honkan forgiveness for them, so that God set her as a dutiful son to his parents. "(HR. Al-Bayhaqi)
• Pilgrimage to the tomb of the mother-father
"Those who make a pilgrimage to the tomb of his parents or one of the two on each Friday, then his sins will be forgiven by God and it is expressed as a dutiful son to his parents." (HR. At-Thabrani)
• Fostering good relations with fellow mother-father
Prophet. said, "Who would want to be associated with his father who had died, let him menghubu-NGI acquaintances and relatives of his father, after his father died." (HR. Abdur Razzaq)
Messenger of Allah said: "Verily, the most important filial piety is the relationship of the child with a good friend of his father's family." (HR. Muslim)
• Pay off debts both after both died
• Making good on his vow
A man from Bani Salamah asked, "O Messenger of Allah, whether the mother after my father died, there was still some service can I offer to both of them ...? Prophet. nodded and said: "Yes, by the way send a prayer for them, ask forgiveness, keep their promises and who never professed nadzar mother-father, maintaining relationships pal relationship and glorify them." (HR. Abu Dawud, Ibn Majah and Ibn Hibbaan)
• Do not cause the cursing to both
That the Prophet. He said: Instead of major sins is the one who cursed the father-mother. Companions asked: O Messenger of Allah is there any one who cursed father-mother? The Prophet replied: Yes. He cursing father of others, then returned swore at him cursing his father or mother found another man and swore on his mother's reply (HR. Bukhari, Muslim)
1.e. Modeling
• Bakti Prophet Ismail to Sayyidina Ibrahim
1.F. UQUQUL WALIDAIN
• disobedience to the mother-father including big sin
"One of the greatest sins kabir sight of Allah on the Day of Judgment is: associating partners with Allah, killing a believer is not according to the Shari'ah, to escape from the battlefield jihad fi sabilillah at the time of the raid, mendur-HAKAI keduaorangtua, accuse chaste women commit indecency, learn magic, eating money usury and eating treasure orphans. "(HR. Ibn Hibbaan)
• Forms uququl Walidain
: disobedient
 ignore
 hurt
 words are not pleasant
 underestimate
 looked with contempt view
 make sad
"Tears parents because children including iniquity." (HR. Al-Bukhari)
 eyes wide to both
"A child who widened his eyes to both parents, including children who do not worship." (HR. Al Bayhaqi and Ibn Mardawih)
 avoid both
"There is a class of servants were not consulted by Allah on the resurrection day, not seen, not cleaned nor purified". The Companions asked, "Who are they, O Messenger of Allah?" Answered by the Prophet, "That person away-right away from the mother-father and those who have an abundance of virtues of a people and he disown their virtues instead he distanced himself from them." (HR. Ahmad)
 not happy to the mother-father
"Three kinds of people who condemned Allah is, behavior-behavior that is not happy to both the mother-father, the man who tried to divide the life of husband and wife after the woman he marry and men who like peppering of words between the believers that they hate hate each other. "(HR. Ad Dailami)
 hit
"Seven classes of people that will not be seen by Allah on the Day of Judgment, not cleaned and not mixed with natural inhabitants of other, they are put into the fire first, unless they repent, God Berke-nan forgive them, those who marry with hands his (masturbation) that do and done, alcoholic, who beat the mother-father to both of them for help and those who commit adultery with his neighbor's wife "(HR. Al-Bayhaqi)
 disobey the mother-father friend
"Keep beloved father, do not you decide, do not let God extinguish your light." (HR. Al-Bukhari)
• Charitable deeds rebellious child will not be accepted
"Three groups of people who are not accepted his deeds, are: people who ascribed partners to Allah, the child who disobeys her parents and mujahid who fled from the battlefield." (HR. At-Thabarani)
• Haram disobedient to parents though unjust to him
"A Muslim who has both parents are Muslim, then he always applies charity towards them, then God was pleased to open the two doors of heaven for her. If he has a course, then he will get one door, if he exasperate his parents, then God will not bless him. Someone asked, "Although both menzaliminya?". The Prophet replied, "Yes, although both menzaliminya." (HR. Al-Bukhari)
Maraji '
Ahmad Isa Assyria, Birrul Waidail (Dedicated to Mother Father),
Sa'id Hawwa, Al Islam: System Morals
Imam Abu Zakaria Yahya bin Neural Annawawy, Tarjamah Riadhus Shalihin

Brothers and Mutual Advises

The fire of war in the valley of Badr had been extinguished. The war ended with the victory of the Deen Haq (the true religion) on Dienul Kufr. A total of 14 Mujahideen martyred Muslims; 6 of the immigrants, the rest 8 of the Ansar. On the other hand, as many as 70 soldiers captive Mecca idolaters, and 70 others were killed. Most of them are leaders and magnifying Makkah.
Before Islam came, the Arab community living in the system 'asabiyya fanatic qabilah (tribe) and descent. Their relationship to the tribe and descendants are alive and dead relationship. "Bela brother right or wrong", that is their motto which translated literally. Life and death they dedicated to maintain the honor and the survival rate and descent. (Shaykh al-Mubarakfury Shafiyyurrahman, Ar-Rahiqul Makhtum, p. 45)
And in the battle of Badr this (Ramadan 2 H), the first war in the history of Islam, it is precisely those people Emigrants Makkah in particular fighting against brothers, descendants and tribes, and some have fought against father, uncle or her own, distinct aqidah. Umar bin Al-Khattab killed his uncle, 'Ash bin Hisham disbelievers. Abu Bakr fought against his son, Abdurrahman who was not embraced Islam.
Another story between Mus'ab bin Umair and his brother, Abu Aziz bin Umair. "Strengthen the bond, his mother is a wealthy man. Who knew he was going to redeem his son with an offer that is expensive", pleaded Mus'ab told the Ansar charming Abu Aziz as a prisoner of war of Badr.
"Is this the way you treat your real brother? ' Abu Aziz asked, surprised. "You're not my brother. But those who hold you that's my brother, "replied Mus'ab (d 3 H) firmly.
Islam has knit kinship among its adherents without knowing the blood relationships, skin color, social status and borders. And it has been practiced perfectly by the first generation of Islam, the Companions of the Prophet '.
Ukhuwah and Solidarity
Ukhuwah taste (brotherhood) were born Islam made its followers have spawned the nature of high social solidarity in the life of the Muslim community and the human civilization. Qur'an perpetuate that reality.
"And they (the Ansar) priority (The Emigrants) on themselves. Even if they need (what they give it)" (Al-Hashr: 9).
A man came to the Prophet sallallaahu alaihi wasalam, wrote Ibn Kathir when interpreting the above verse earlier in the commentary. "O Messenger of Allah, I were suffering" said the man had complained-kan fate. The man was told to come to the house wives of the Prophet sallallaahu alaihi wasalam. However, he did not find relief because they do not have.
"Is there someone who would welcome him tonight? May Allah have mercy on him" said the Prophet sallallaahu alaihi wasalam to his companions.
"I am O Messenger of Allah" said Abu Talha, the Helpers agreed.
"This is a Prophet sallallaahu alaihi wasalam, provide all banquet for him and should not be left" asked Abu Talha to his wife after she arrived home. "But we did not have any food except food for children," she replied sadly.
"If children ask for food invite sleep, then you come here and turn off the lights, and let us family hungry tonight". In the morning when Abu Talha met the Prophet, then he said: "God was amazed (or laughing) to him and his wife", said the Prophet `praise. (HR. Al-Bukhari)
Islam has pledged that Muslims are brothers. "Indeed the believers are brothers" (Al-Hujurat: 10). This verse has laid the foundation of faith as straps flavor ukhuwah. Differences in skin color, ethnicity, race and social status have been incorporated within the framework of Islamic faith. Islam prioritize person based taqwanya status.
Allah says: "Verily the noblest among you in the sight of God is the most pious among you" (Al-Hujuraat: 11).
Ukhuwah taste that grows on every soul of the believer is God's favor to remember (be grateful). Brotherhood in Islam has its own meaning. The mention ukhuwah -as a nikmat- precedence of the mention diselamat-it people who believe from hell (see QS. Al 'Imran: 103).
Ukhuwah sense would flourish if nature ananiyah (selfishness), and the love of the world buried deep. To eliminate ananiyah properties, Prophet sallallaahu alaihi wasalam make love to a fellow Muslim faith as a form of perfection.
"No (perfect) faith a person until he wishes for his brother what he wants for himself." (HR. Al-Bukhari and Muslim).
And worldly values ​​that will become an obstacle to the growth of a sense of brotherhood would vanish if people look at and contemplate its origins, and realized that the ultimate glory in the sight of Allah be judged from the ketaqwaannya.
Prophet Muhammad sallallaahu alaihi wasalam said: "O people, your Lord one, and the father you are one, you are from Adam, and Adam from the ground. Verily its noblest among you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous. There is no virtue Arab nations on other nations, nor for other nations over the Arabs, there is no virtue for red on white skin and the whites on the red skin, but by virtue of piety. " (HR. Ahmad).
Ukhuwah sense tangible in the form of social solidarity. Social solidarity among Muslims there are two kinds of people; in the sense of moral and material. Solidarity within the meaning of the material consists of fulfilling the needs of the community, the feeling of participating in distress suffered by members of the community, willingness to help promote common interests in order to improve people's living standards, and service to all members of society in the things in their favor.
Meanwhile, in the moral sense of social solidarity embodied in the form of a willingness to engage one another to recognize and follow kebenar early and stay away from all kemungkaran -al amru bil ma'ruf wannahyu 'anil munkar.
True brotherhood is brotherhood fostered on the basis of faith. Sense of brotherhood that was built not on the basis of faith-whether it's personal interests or groups will only be lasting if the beneficial aspects that interest was there. Without the foundation of faith, brotherhood will only be a means to achieve just the interests of the world, no more than that.
Berukhuwah and Mutual Advising
Including five first person who converted to Islam was Abu Bakr (d 13 H). Abu Bakr was a close friend of the Prophet sallallaahu alaihi wasalam. Both have long been friends long before the Prophet appointed prophet and apostle. And through friendship, Abu Bakr clicking Islamize Uthman (d 40 H), Zubair bin Awwam (d 36 H), Abdurrahman bin Auf (d 34 H), Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (d 55 H) and Talha bin Ubaidillah (d 36 H). Here Abu Bakr use friendly relations to spread Islam to his friends with a well known personality.
Advise a friend (someone) who is well known, a greater likelihood of being accepted. The advice does not necessarily have to be accepted, sometimes even not at all acceptable. It takes time and repetition of advice to be accepted-if Allah wills. Al-Quran and al-Hadith was using the language of 'repetition' for a command (read: advice) specific.
God repeated the verse which means "the favors of your Lord will ye deny Which" seba-many 30 times in one letter (Ar-Rahman: 55). The text, of course dilatarbela-facing away from the things that are not the same. Ikhlas and mutaba'ah (follow the Prophet sallallaahu alaihi wasalam: knowledge) is an absolute requirement to advise. Advice is imad (pole) religion. (Muslim).
Keep muru'ah (honor) and self-esteem by giving appropriate advice what we do. Reflect before advising. People will sneer and deride the person who says what is not done. Allahpun very hate against people who are like that. (Ash-Shaff: 3). Mimic sun always illuminates the universe without having to destroy himself, it seems more sensible than to be a candle that illuminates a dark room but with a piece of burning yourself. Allaah knows best. (Asri Ibn Tsani).

Morals OF THE PAGAN

Morals OF THE PAGAN

Muslims must believe, that the view of the disbelievers are misguided. Because they do not use the correct instructions, in accordance with the teachings of Islam (Qur'an, Ali Imran: 85)
Among the morals of the infidels is as follows:
1. Hate against the infidels for God
Rasulullah SAW said:
"Love of the beloved of God and hate because God is including the faith." (HR. Bukhari)
2. Doing both at the fair and unbelievers. (QS. Al Mumtahanah: 8)
3. There should be love pagans
4. It may help people who suffer disbelieve
5. Do not insult infidels
In the hadith Qudsi Allah says:
"Who hurt the infidels (dzimmy), then I will be enemies on the Day of Resurrection." (HR. Muslim)
6. Women were forbidden to marry Muslim men disbelieve (Qur'an, Al-Mumtahanah: 10)
7. There should be saluted infidels
If pagans saluted, then answer simply by saying 'Wa'alaikum'
8. There should imitate him unbelievers
Rasulullah SAW said:
"Anyone who imitate the act of a people, then he has become his followers." (HR. Abu Dawud and Ahmad)
9. There should call the host to the Gentiles.
From Buraidah RA, he said that the Prophet SAW said, "do not call hypocrites with, 'Mr. glorious'. For when he became a master, then he became your leader, then you've got the Allah Azza wajalla hatred. "(HR. Ahmad)

pengaruh manusia dalam lingkungan

KATA PENGANTAR

Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT karena atas segala ni’mat dan hidayah-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan makalah yang berjudul “Memahami dan Memiliki Wawasan tentang Isu Lingkungan”. Salawat serta salam senantiasa tercurahkan kepada junjungan kita Nabi Muhammad SAW, yang menjadi tauladan bagi kita semua.

Selesainya makalah ini tidak terlepas dari bantuan berbagai pihak dan penulis hanya dapat mengucapkan terimakasih ataspengarahnya.Penulis berharap semoga segala bantuan yang telah diberikan kepada penulis mendapatkan balasan dari Allah SWT.

Penulis menyadari bahwa dalam makalah ini masih jauh dari kesempurnaan. Kritik dan sarapenulisbutuhkanuntukmenjadilebihbaik.Semogamakalah yang sederhana ini mampu memberi manfaat bagi penulis danteman-teman PBSID lainnya.Terimakasih

                                                                                                                                     Penulis

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A.  Latar Belakang Masalah

Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi sekarang ini berlangsung sangat cepat. Banyak komponen kehidupan manusia yang tidak dapat terlepas dari ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, seperti sandang, pangan, dan papan. Manusia sekarang ini hampir tidak dapat hidup tanpa teknologi. Teknologi dapat dengan mudah dijumpai di belahan bumi manapun dan usia berapapun, dapat dipastikan teknologi sudah menjadi kebutuhan pokok manusia pada zaman sekarang ini. Namun, ilmu pengetahuan yang dimiliki manusia untuk menciptakan teknologi canggih tersebut, sebagian besar diambil dari alam.

Pemanfaatan teknologi dari alam oleh manusia yang berlebihan dapat merusak keseimbangan ekosistem dan mengakibatkan kerugian bagi manusia dan alam. Manusia mengekspoitasi alam sebanyak-banyaknya tetapi tidak memperbaikinya. Hal tersebutlah yang menyebabkan berbagai masalah muncul. Masalah yang muncul dari kerusakan alam antara lain pemanasan global, keracunan zat adiktif, banjir, kerusakan hutan, sampah, dan banjir lumpur lapindo di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, kami akan mengkaji masalah tersebut dalam makalah yang berjudul “Memahami dan Memiliki Wawasan tentang Isu Lingkungan”.

B.  RUMUSAN MASALAH

Makalah yang berjudul “Memahami dan Memiliki Wawasan tentang Isu Lingkungan” ini akan mengkaji tentang :

1.      Bagaimana pengaruh manusia dalam lingkungan ?

2.      Bagaimana memahami isu lingkungan global ?

3.      Bagaimana memahami isu lingkungan nasional ?

4.      Bagaimana memahami isu lingkungan lokal ?

C.  Tujuan

Makalah yang berjudul “Memahami dan Memiliki Wawasan tentang Isu Lingkungan” ini bertujuan untuk :

1.      Memahami pengaruh manusia dalam lingkungan

2.      Memahami dan memiliki wawasan tentang isu lingkungan global

3.      Memahami dan memiliki wawasan tentang isu lingkungan nasional

4.      Memahami dan memiliki wawasan tentang isu lingkungan lokal

BAB III

PEMBAHASAN

1. Pengaruh Manusia dalam Lingkungan

Manusia dengan pengetahuannya  mampu mengubah keadaan lingkungan sehingga meguntungkan dirinya, untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Awalnya perubahan itu dalam lingkungan yang kecil dan pengaruhnya sangat terbatas. Pada zaman Neolitikum kira-kira 12.000 tahun yang lalu, nenek moyang kita dari berburu kemudian memelihara hewan buruannya. Dari manusia pemburu berubah menjadi manusia pemelihara, dari manusia nomadis berubah menjadi manusia menetap. Mulailah berkembang cara bercocok tanam. Ekosistem sekarang ini dalah ekosistem baru yang diciptakan manusia, sesuai dengan kebutuhan manusia. Dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, kemampuan manusia untuk mengubah lingkungan semakin besar. Sehingga, manusia ingin menguasai alam. Alam yang awalnya tetap dapat mempertahankan keseimbangan sekarang keseimbangan itu hilang dan timbul kerusakan di mana-mana karena, ulah tangan manusia. (Maskoeri Jasin, 1988:132)

             Berbagai kerusakan ditimbulkan manusia, sekarang ini banyak manusia yang menyadari pentingnya alam untuk kelangsungan hidup mereka. Perlahan manusia memperbaiki alam yang telah rusak dan mengurangi hal-hal yang merugikan alam. Manusia melakukan upaya penyelamatan hutan dan makhluk hidup lain yang menggantungkan kehidupannya pada alam. Namun, banyak pula manusia yang terus mencemari alam tanpa memikirkan resiko yang ditimbulkan ke depan. Mengembalikan keseimbangan alam merupakan pekerjaaan yang sulit dan selalu menginginkan terciptanya lingkungan hidup seperti yang diharapkan.

2. Isu Lingkungan Global

Masalah yang dialami bumi sekarang ini adalah pemansan global. Menurut tim IAD MKU UMS, TIM MUP (2008:150), pemanasan global adalah peningkatan suhu bumi, yang meliputi peningkatan suhu atmosfer, hidrosfer, dan suhu lithosfer. Gambar 1 (www.id.wikipedia.org)

Gambar 1

Perkembangan Pemanasan Global

 Pemanasan global terjadi akibat meningkatnya gas sulfur dioksida dan gas-gas rumah kaca, seperti CO2 akibat dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Proses pemanasan global ini terjadi ketika radiasi dari sinar matahari akan masuk ke bumi. Radiasi dari sinar matahari tersebut akan sampai bumi dan menghangatkan bumi. Sebagian dari radiasi matahari akan diserap oleh bumi, dan sebagian bumi akan memantulkan kembali ke angkasa. Jika atmosfer bumi penuh dengan gas-gas rumah kaca maka panas dari bumi tidak dapat diteruskan ke angkasa. Akibatnya, panas kembali ke bumi. Gambar 2 (www.id.wikipedia.org)

Gambar 2

Efek rumah kaca

                Adanya pemanasan global menyebabkan banyak pengaruh pada kehidupan yang ada di bumi. Beberapa akibat dari pemanasan global adalah sebagai berikut (http://www.id.wikipedia.org).

1.      Iklim Mulai Tidak Stabil

Para ilmuwan memperkirakan bahwa selama pemanasan global, daerah bagian Utara dari belahan Bumi Utara (Northern Hemisphere) akan memanas lebih dari daerah-daerah lain di Bumi. Akibatnya, gunung-gunung es akan mencair dan daratan akan mengecil. Akan lebih sedikit es yang terapung di perairan Utara tersebut. Daerah-daerah yang sebelumnya mengalami salju ringan, mungkin tidak akan mengalaminya lagi. Pada pegunungan di daerah subtropis, bagian yang ditutupi salju akan semakin sedikit serta akan lebih cepat mencair. Musim tanam akan lebih panjang di beberapa area. Suhu pada musim dingin dan malam hari akan cenderung untuk meningkat.

Daerah hangat akan menjadi lebih lembap karena lebih banyak air yang menguap dari lautan. Para ilmuwan belum begitu yakin apakah kelembapan tersebut malah akan meningkatkan atau menurunkan pemanasan yang lebih jauh lagi. Hal ini disebabkan karena uap air merupakan gas rumah kaca. Sehingga, keberadaannya akan meningkatkan efek insulasi pada atmosfer. Akan tetapi, uap air yang lebih banyak juga akan membentuk awan yang lebih banyak, akibatnya akan memantulkan cahaya Matahari kembali ke angkasa luar, di mana hal ini akan menurunkan proses pemanasan. Kelembapan yang tinggi akan meningkatkan curah hujan, secara rata-rata, sekitar 1 persen untuk setiap derajat Fahrenheit pemanasan. Curah hujan di seluruh dunia telah meningkat sebesar 1 persen dalam seratus tahun terakhir ini. Badai akan menjadi lebih sering. Selain itu, air akan lebih cepat menguap dari tanah. Akibatnya, beberapa daerah akan menjadi lebih kering dari sebelumnya. Angin akan bertiup lebih kencang dan mungkin dengan pola yang berbeda. Topan badai (hurricane) yang memperoleh kekuatannya dari penguapan air, akan menjadi lebih besar. Berlawanan dengan pemanasan yang terjadi, beberapa periode yang sangat dingin mungkin akan terjadi. Pola cuaca menjadi tidak terprediksi dan lebih ekstrem.

2.      Peningkatan Permukaan Laut

Perubahan tinggi rata-rata muka laut diukur dari daerah dengan lingkungan yang stabil secara geologi. Ketika atmosfer menghangat, lapisan permukaan lautan juga akan menghangat, sehingga volumenya akan membesar dan menaikkan tinggi permukaan laut. Pemanasan juga akan mencairkan banyak es di kutub, terutama sekitar Greenland, yang lebih memperbanyak volume air di laut. Tinggi muka laut di seluruh dunia telah meningkat 10 – 25 cm (4 - 10 inchi) selama abad ke-20, dan para ilmuwan IPCC memprediksi peningkatan lebih lanjut 9 – 88 cm (4 - 35 inchi) pada abad ke-21.

Perubahan tinggi muka laut akan sangat memengaruhi kehidupan di daerah pantai. Kenaikan 100 cm (40 inchi) akan menenggelamkan 6 persen daerah Belanda, 17,5 persen daerah Bangladesh, dan banyak pulau-pulau. Erosi dari tebing, pantai, dan bukit pasir akan meningkat. Ketika tinggi lautan mencapai muara sungai, banjir akibat air pasang akan meningkat di daratan. Negara-negara kaya akan menghabiskan dana yang sangat besar untuk melindungi daerah pantainya, sedangkan negara-negara miskin mungkin hanya dapat melakukan evakuasi dari daerah pantai.

Bahkan sedikit kenaikan tinggi muka laut akan sangat memengaruhi ekosistem pantai. Kenaikan 50 cm (20 inchi) akan menenggelamkan separuh dari rawa-rawa pantai di Amerika Serikat. Rawa-rawa baru juga akan terbentuk, tetapi tidak di area perkotaan dan daerah yang sudah dibangun. Kenaikan muka laut ini akan menutupi sebagian besar dari Florida Everglades.

3.      Suhu Global Cenderung Meningkat

Orang mungkin beranggapan bahwa Bumi yang hangat akan menghasilkan lebih banyak makanan dari sebelumnya, tetapi hal ini sebenarnya tidak sama di beberapa tempat. Bagian Selatan Kanada, sebagai contoh, mungkin akan mendapat keuntungan dari lebih tingginya curah hujan dan lebih lamanya masa tanam. Di lain pihak, lahan pertanian tropis semi kering di beberapa bagian Afrika mungkin tidak dapat tumbuh. Daerah pertanian gurun yang menggunakan air irigasi dari gunung-gunung yang jauh dapat menderita jika snowpack (kumpulan salju) musim dingin, yang berfungsi sebagai reservoir alami, akan mencair sebelum puncak bulan-bulan masa tanam. Tanaman pangan dan hutan dapat mengalami serangan serangga dan penyakit yang lebih hebat.

4.      Gangguan ekologis

Hewan dan tumbuhan menjadi makhluk hidup yang sulit menghindar dari efek pemanasan ini karena sebagian besar lahan telah dikuasai manusia. Dalam pemanasan global, hewan cenderung untuk bermigrasi ke arah kutub atau ke atas pegunungan. Tumbuhan akan mengubah arah pertumbuhannya, mencari daerah baru karena habitat lamanya menjadi terlalu hangat. Akan tetapi, pembangunan manusia akan menghalangi perpindahan ini. Spesies-spesies yang bermigrasi ke utara atau selatan yang terhalangi oleh kota-kota atau lahan-lahan pertanian mungkin akan mati. Beberapa tipe spesies yang tidak mampu secara cepat berpindah menuju kutub mungkin juga akan musnah.

5.      Dampak sosial dan politik

Perubahan cuaca dan lautan dapat mengakibatkan munculnya penyakit-penyakit yang berhubungan dengan panas (heat stroke) dan kematian. Temperatur yang panas juga dapat menyebabkan gagal panen sehingga akan muncul kelaparan dan malnutrisi. Perubahan cuaca yang ekstrem dan peningkatan permukaan air laut akibat mencairnya es di kutub utara dapat menyebabkan penyakit-penyakit yang berhubungan dengan bencana alam (banjir, badai dan kebakaran) dan kematian akibat trauma. Timbulnya bencana alam biasanya disertai dengan perpindahan penduduk ke tempat-tempat pengungsian dimana sering muncul penyakit, seperti: diare, malnutrisi, defisiensi mikronutrien, trauma psikologis, penyakit kulit, dan lain-lain.

6.      Dampak Terhadap Kesehatan Manusia

Pergeseran ekosistem dapat memberi dampak pada penyebaran penyakit melalui air (Waterborne diseases) maupun penyebaran penyakit melalui vektor (vector-borne diseases). Seperti meningkatnya kejadian Demam Berdarah karena munculnya ruang (ekosistem) baru untuk nyamuk ini berkembang biak. Dengan adanya perubahan iklim ini, maka ada beberapa spesies vektor penyakit (eq Aedes aegypti), Virus, bakteri, plasmodium menjadi lebih resisten terhadap obat tertentu yang targetnya adalah organisme tersebut. Selain itu bisa diprediksikan bahwa ada beberapa spesies yang secara alamiah akan terseleksi ataupun punah dikarenakan perubahan ekosistem yang ekstrem ini. Hal ini juga akan berdampak perubahan iklim (Climate change) yang bisa berdampak kepada peningkatan kasus penyakit tertentu seperti ISPA (kemarau panjang/kebakaran hutan, DBD Kaitan dengan musim hujan tidak menentu)

Gradasi Lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh pencemaran limbah pada sungai juga berkontribusi pada waterborne diseases dan vector-borne disease. Ditambah pula dengan polusi udara hasil emisi gas-gas pabrik yang tidak terkontrol selanjutnya akan berkontribusi terhadap penyakit-penyakit saluran pernapasan seperti asma, alergi, coccidiodomycosis, penyakit jantung dan paru kronis, dan lain-lain.

7.      Perdebatan tentang Pemanasan Global

Tidak semua ilmuwan setuju tentang keadaan dan akibat dari pemanasan global. Beberapa pengamat masih mempertanyakan apakah suhu benar-benar meningkat. Yang lainnya mengakui perubahan yang telah terjadi tetapi tetap membantah bahwa masih terlalu dini untuk membuat prediksi tentang keadaan pada masa depan. Kritikan seperti ini juga dapat membantah bukti-bukti yang menunjukkan kontribusi manusia terhadap pemanasan global dengan berargumen bahwa siklus alami dapat juga meningkatkan suhu. Mereka juga menunjukkan fakta-fakta bahwa pemanasan berkelanjutan dapat menguntungkan di beberapa daerah.

Para ilmuwan yang mempertanyakan pemanasan global cenderung menunjukkan tiga perbedaan yang masih dipertanyakan antara prediksi model pemanasan global dengan perilaku sebenarnya yang terjadi pada iklim. Pertama, pemanasan cenderung berhenti selama tiga dekade pada pertengahan abad ke-20, bahkan ada masa pendinginan sebelum naik kembali pada tahun 1970-an. Kedua, jumlah total pemanasan selama abad ke-20 hanya separuh dari yang diprediksi oleh model. Ketiga, troposfer, lapisan atmosfer terendah, tidak memanas secepat prediksi model. Akan tetapi, pendukung adanya pemanasan global yakin dapat menjawab dua dari tiga pertanyaan tersebut.

Kurangnya pemanasan pada pertengahan abad disebabkan oleh besarnya polusi udara yang menyebarkan partikulat-partikulat, terutama sulfat, ke atmosfer. Partikulat ini, juga dikenal sebagai aerosol, memantulkan sebagian sinar Matahari kembali ke angkasa luar. Pemanasan berkelanjutan akhirnya mengatasi efek ini, sebagian lagi karena adanya kontrol terhadap polusi yang menyebabkan udara menjadi lebih bersih. Keadaan pemanasan global sejak 1900 yang ternyata tidak seperti yang diprediksi disebabkan penyerapan panas secara besar oleh lautan. Para ilmuwan telah lama memprediksi hal ini tetapi tidak memiliki cukup data untuk membuktikannya. Pada tahun 2000, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) memberikan hasil analisis baru tentang suhu air yang diukur oleh para pengamat di seluruh dunia selama 50 tahun terakhir. Hasil pengukuran tersebut memperlihatkan adanya kecenderungan pemanasan. Suhu laut dunia pada tahun 1998 lebih tinggi 0,2 derajat Celsius (0,3 derajat Fahrenheit) daripada suhu rata-rata 50 tahun terakhir, ada sedikit perubahan tetapi cukup berarti.

Pertanyaan ketiga masih membingungkan. Satelit mendeteksi lebih sedikit pemanasan di troposfer dibandingkan prediksi model. Menurut beberapa kritikus, pembacaan atmosfer tersebut benar, sedangkan pengukuran atmosfer dari permukaan Bumi tidak dapat dipercaya. Pada bulan Januari 2000, sebuah panel yang ditunjuk oleh National Academy of Sciences untuk membahas masalah ini mengakui bahwa pemanasan permukaan Bumi tidak dapat diragukan lagi. Akan tetapi, pengukuran troposfer yang lebih rendah dari prediksi model tidak dapat dijelaskan secara jelas.

Upaya untuk mengurangi pemanasan global, antara lain:

1.      Menanam pohon, karena pohon berperan besar dalam mengurangi pemanasan global karena pohon dalam foto sintesis pada siang hari menyerap CO2 dan menghasilkan O2. Sehingga dapat megurangi kandungan karbondioksida di udara yang dapat memicu menipisnya ozon dan terjadi pemanasan global.

2.      Menghijaukan hutan yang telah gundul, karena sekarang ini banyak pembalakan liar yang menyebabkan penggundulan hutan.

3.      Melakukan efisiensi pada penggunaann bahan bakar fosil. Selain dapat menyebabkan terjadinya pemanasan global, eksploitasi yang berlebihan pada bahan bakar fosil juga akan menyebabkan kelangkaan pada bahan bakar fosil tersebut, kerena bahanbakar fosil tidak dapat diperbarui.

4.      Mencari alternatif energi lain yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan harganya terjangkau oleh masyarakat luas.

C.    Isu Lingkungan Nasional

Di negara Indonesia banyak terjadi perusakan lingkungan yang mengakibatkan tidak seimbangnya ekosistem di alam. Menurut TIM IAD MIKU & TIM MUP (2012:155), ada beberapa isu lingkungan nasional, diantaranya :

1.      Banjir

Banjir merupakan suatu peristiwa terbenamnya daratan (yang pada keadaan normal kering) karena meningkatnya volume air. Banjir dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, diantaranya akibat pemanasan global, yaitu dapat meningkatkan tinggi permukaan air laut, sehingga beberapa daerah di pesisir pantai akan terkena luapan air tersebut. Selain itu banjir juga disebabkan karena meningkatnya curah hujan dan tidak adanya saluran air yang baik dan cukup untuk menampung air hujan. Banjir juga dapat disebabkan karena peluapan air sungai akibat meningkatnya curah hujan  atau karena sebab lain, seperti pecahnya bendungan sungai. Banjir yang banyak melanda kota-kota besar biasanya disebabkan karena kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat yang membuanga sampah ke sungai atau saluran air lain. Banjir juga disebabkan oleh kurangnya resapan air karena tanah telah tertutup bangunan. Banjir menyebabkan kerugian pada segi perekonomian, kesehatan, dan lingkungan.

2.      Kerusakan hutan di Indonesia

Hutan di Indonesia banyak berkurang dan yang masih ada banyak mengalami kerusakan. Penyebab kerusaan hutan paling besar karena ulah manusia. Manusia melakukan eksploitasi dari hutan secara berlebihan dan mengabaikan segi ekologisnya. Faktor alam yang merusak hutan salah satunya adalah kebakaran hutan. Kebakaran hutan ini dipicu oleh musim kemarau yang panjang maupun pemanasan global.

3.      Sampah

Manusia sebagai konsumen setiap harinya menghasilkan sampah/limbah. Libah yang dihasilkan berupa organik dan anorganik. Sampah anorganik dihasilkan dari rumah tangga maupun industri. Sampah merupakan masalah sosial yang dapat menyebabkan konflik. Di Indonesia masalah sampah kurang mendapat penanganan yang baik.

4.      Banjir lumpur panas di Sidoarjo

Banjir lumpur panas di Sidoarjo merupakan peristiwa menyemburnya lumpur panas di lokasi pengeboran PT Lapindo Brantas sejak tanggal 27 Mei 2006. Bajir lumpur panas tersebut terus meningkat dan penyebab utama semburan tersebut belum jelas. Semburan tersebut menyebabkan tergenangnya kawasan pemukiman, pertanian, dan peridustrian. Masalah banjir lumpur panas ini telah menjadi masalah nasional, yang memaksa pemerintah pusat turut campur dalam upaya penanggulannya.

D.    Isu Lingkungan Lokal

Ada beberapa penyebab masalah lingkungan lokal, diantaranya :

1.      Kekeringan : kekeringan adalah kekurangan air yang terjadi akibat sumber air tidak dapat menyediakan kebutuhan air bagi manusia dan makhluk hidup yang lainnya. Dampak: menyebabkan ganggungan kesehatan, keterancaman pangan.

2.      Banjir : merupakan fenomena alam ketika sungai tidak dapat menampung limpahan air hujan karena proses influasi mengalami penurunan. Itu semua dapat terjadi karena hijauan penahan air larian berkurang. Dampak: ganggungan kesehatan, penyakit kulit, aktivitas manusia terhambat, penurunan produktifitas pangan, dll.

3.      Longsor : adalah terkikisnya daratan oleh air larian karena penahan air berkurang. Dampaknya: terjadi kerusakan tempat tinggal, ladang, sawah, mengganggu perekonomian dan kegiatan transportasi

4.      Erosi pantai : adalah terkikisnya lahan daratan pantai akibat gelombang air laut. Dampak: menyebabkan kerusakan tempat tinggal dan hilangnya potensi ekonomi seperti kegiatan pariwisata.

5.      Instrusi Air Laut: air laut (asin) mengisi ruang bawah tanah telah banyak digunakan oleh manusia dan tidak adanya tahanan instrusi air laut seperti kawasan mangrove. Dampaknya: terjadinya kekurangan stok air tawar, dan mengganggu kesehatan. (www.korekan.com)

BAB III

PENUTUP

A.    Kesimpulan

Manusia dengan pengetahuannya  mampu mengubah keadaan lingkungan sehingga meguntungkan dirinya, untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya. Awalnya perubahan itu dalam lingkungan yang kecil dan pengaruhnya sangat terbatas. Dengan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, kemampuan manusia untuk mengubah lingkungan semakin besar. Sehingga, manusia ingin menguasai alam. Alam yang awalnya tetap dapat mempertahankan keseimbangan sekarang keseimbangan itu hilang dan timbul kerusakan di mana-mana karena, ulah tangan manusia

Salah satu isu lingkungan nglobal adalah pemanasan global. Pemanasan global terjadi akibat meningkatnya gas sulfur dioksida dan gas-gas rumah kaca, seperti CO2 akibat dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil. Proses pemanasan global ini terjadi ketika radiasi dari sinar matahari akan masuk ke bumi. Radiasi dari sinar matahari tersebut akan sampai bumi dan menghangatkan bumi. Sebagian dari radiasi matahari akan diserap oleh bumi, dan sebagian bumi akan memantulkan kembali ke angkasa. Jika atmosfer bumi penuh dengan gas-gas rumah kaca maka panas dari bumi tidak dapat diteruskan ke angkasa. Akibatnya, panas kembali ke bumi.Beberapa akibat dari pemanasan global adalah iklim mulai tidak stabil, peningkatan permukaan laut, suhu global cenderung meningkat, gangguan ekologis, dampak sosial dan politik, dampak terhadap kesehatan manusia, perdebatan tentang pemanasan global. Cara mengurangi pemanasan global adalah mencari alternatif energi lain yang lebih ramah lingkungan dan harganya terjangkau oleh masyarakat luas, menanam pohon, menghijaukan hutan yang telah gundul, dan melakukan efisiensi pada penggunaan bahan bakar fosil

Ada beberapa masalah lingkungan nasional, diantaranya banjir, kerusakan hutan di Indonesia, sampah, dan banjir lumpur panas di Sidoarjo. Selain masalah lingkungan global dan nasional, ada maslah lokal. Beberapa penyebab masalah lingkungan lokal, diantaranya kekeringan, banjir, longsor, erosi pantai, dan instrusi air laut.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Maskoeri, Jasin.1994. Ilmu Alamiah Dasar. Jakarta: PT Raja Gafindo Persada.

TIM IAD MKU UMS, TIM MUP.2008. Ilmu Kealaman Dasar. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University Press